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[ Man Narrating]
Abilene, Kansas, is under siege...

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by foreign invaders.

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And Marshal Wild Bill Hickok
can't stop them.

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[ Cattle Bellowing ]

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They've been on their way
for two million years.

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And they're not human.

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But because of them, we are.

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[Cowhands Shouting ]

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[ Narrator]
We think of history as a timeline...

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a series of events stretching
a few thousand years into the past.

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It's time to think bigger.

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Instead of a line,
imagine a web of infinite connections...

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interacting over billions of years...

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linked together to create everything
we've ever known-

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our universe...

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our planet...

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and us.

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When we consider our most epic moments
through the lens of science...

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we unleash a revolutionary new idea-

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the movement of atoms
steer the movements of men...

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civilizations, galaxies.

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History as we know it
is about to get big.

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[ Narrator]
A force 40,000 strong arrives in Abilene.

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They're Texas longhorns.

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[Cowhands Shouting ]

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And they're here to be
loaded onto trains...

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to feed a growing country
and a hungry world.

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[Train Whistle Blows ]

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Traditional history tells us
that Wild West towns are built on cattle.

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But big history reveals how cows
build something more important...

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something that makes us who we are.

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Big history connects back
two million years...

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[ Insects Buzzing ]

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To a time before humans...

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when our ancestors,
known as Homo habilis...

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rely on plants and leaves
for 98% of their calories.

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But a vegetarian diet
is a disadvantage.

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To get the energy they need,
these early humans...

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would have to chew greens
for up to nine hours a day.

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We have the ability today
to subsist as vegetarians...

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because we have access
to this diverse array of plants.

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But subsisting as a hunter-gatherer
or scavenger-

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to get all of the key nutrients you need...

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it's very difficult to do that
on plants alone.

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[ Narrator]
It's time to change the menu.

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And when early humans
begin to eat meat...

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they spark an energy revolution...

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that transforms how we're built.

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Our early ancestors' round, flat teeth
are still apelike...

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designed to chew and mash plants.

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To break down the fibers
found in meat...

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they create external teeth.

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First, stone tools.

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And later, fire.

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And this changes the way
our ancestors' bodies work.

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Chopping and cooking begins
to digest the meat before they eat it...

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so their digestive system
has less work to do.

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It gets smaller because it needs
less power to run...

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and that frees up energy
for something more important-

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the brain.

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[ Man ]
As a sort of basic rule of evolution...

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if one organ is going to expand...

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you need to find the energy for that
from another organ.

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[ Narrator]
When we switched to meat...

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our brains grow 35% bigger.

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[ Christian ]
Meat is highly concentrated energy...

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so you've got more metabolic energy
so you can have bigger brains.

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[Waguespack]
Compared to other species...

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our brains are insanely huge
for our body size.

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[ Narrator]
And as our brains get bigger...

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we get smarter.

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So it's one of the fundamental things
that makes humans human.

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[ Narrator] Today, meat makes up
nearly half of the U.S. diet.

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And it takes some 33 million head of cattle
to feed that hunger every year.

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But when people first ate meat,
beef wasn't such an easy meal.

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[Crowd Cheering ]

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Modern bulls are a danger to any man
who steps into the ring.

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But these bulls
are smaller and tamer...

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than the cattle
that early humans hunt.

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Big history connects back
200,000 years...

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before cows were cows.

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The ancestors of today's cows...

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were once as deadly
as great white sharks.

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This is the wild aurochs-

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[Aurochs Roars]

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[ Man ]
Aurochs were ferocious creatures.

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Two meters at the shoulders.

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Their horns spanned further
than my arms can stretch.

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[ Man ]
They were tremendously aggressive-

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so aggressive that the males herded
separately from the females...

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because all they really
wanted to do was fight.

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[ Narrator] Hunters looking for beef
have to fight, and maybe die, to get it.

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But the risk is worth the reward.

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A successful hunt yields
half a {on of meal'-

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enough protein and iron
to nourish the entire tribe.

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[ Flies Buzzing ]

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But to take down the aurochs,
prehistoric hunters need a strategy.

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And before they put
their plan into action-

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- [ Chattering ]
- They put I! into words.

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[ Rimas ] Our forms of communication
evolved out of our need...

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to communicate with each other
during the hunt.

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[Speaking Primitive Language]

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An aurochs could take out any number of
people if they hadn't thought it through...

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and really come up with a plan
on how to bring it down.

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[ Primitive Language]

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[ Narrator]
Big history reveals that our first tools-

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our big brains...

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and our language-

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all connect back to an appetite for meat
that helped make us human...

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an appetite that's still growing.

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Today, the world consumes over
130 billion pounds of beef every year.

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But imagine what the world would be like
without burgers or steak...

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or even milk.

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150 years ago,
the world's cows are threatened...

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by a silent killer
that wipes out everything in its wake.

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[ Cow Bellows ]

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[ Narrator] Big history uses science
to see the world in a new way.

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It reveals how eating meat
allows our brains to grow bigger.

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And with big brains,
we develop language.

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[Chattering ]

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Eating and hunting meat
transforms mankind.

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[ Bellows ]

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But there's another player
at work in the story.

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Big history connects man's ability
to access meat...

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to a key moment 23 million years ago.

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Earth is getting cooler and drier...

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paving the way for a plant
that can thrive in those conditions-

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grass.

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Grass spreads over
nearly every continent.

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From Europe...

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across the steppes of Asia...

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the African savannahs...

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and the pampas, plains and prairies
of the Americas.

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Where grass grows,
animals evolve to eat it.

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[ Man ]
Grass is pretty low-nutrient stuff.

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It doesn't have a lot of value to it,
but it's in abundance.

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So cows evolved in order to make use
of this fairly marginal resource.

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[ Narrator] Cows thrive across the vast,
grassy plains of Asia...

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Africa and Europe.

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But on the other side of the world-
in the Americas-

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millions of acres of grasslands
lie in wait.

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There are no cows here,
but they're on their way.

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Thanks to Christopher Columbus.

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It's Columbus's second voyage...

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and, this time,
the Spanish have come to stay.

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[ Man ] They're going to create
a little pocket of Spain there...

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and that means bringing over
European crops to farm...

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and, especially, European animals.

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And the cattle are some
of the most important ones.

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[ Narrator] The first cows to ever
set hoof in the Americas...

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arrive not by evolution, but by ship
on the coast of Haiti.

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Because they're rare,
cows are in demand.

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And within 40 years...

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they spread from the islands
of the Caribbean to the mainland...

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when Spanish governors in Mexico
capture the native peoples...

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enslave them...

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and trade them for cattle.

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Once in Mexico,
the cows grow fat...

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in a new world of grass.

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And they begin to spread across
two continents-

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north from Mexico
to the American Southwest...

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and south to Argentina.

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Soon new settlers bring
more cows across the Atlantic-

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from Portugal to Brazil...

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and from northern Europe
to the eastern seaboard.

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In just 500 years, what starts
as a small handful of cows...

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explodes to over
400 million head of cattle.

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It's the world's first cattle boom.

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And while the cow
now thrives everywhere...

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the Atlantic separates them
into two distinct populations-

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east and west-

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a difference of geography
that will shape the destiny of the cow.

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In the Old World, a plague is coming...

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that threatens to wipe out
all the cattle in Europe.

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Big history connects the spread
of a microscopic killer...

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to an epic invasion...

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by the mightiest empire
in the world.

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[ Rimas ] The Mongol army
under Genghis Khan's sons and grandsons...

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is besieging the Russian city of Kiev.

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They brought cattle with them,
'cause the Mongols ate cattle.

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They had so many cattle
that the noise of the cattle...

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actually drowned out the screams
from the townspeople...

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as they were putting people
to fire and sword.

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[ Narrator]
While man attacks man on the battlefield...

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an invisible army attacks the livestock.

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Big history zooms in...

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to a single cell that will upset
the balance of power in the world.

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00:14:03,302 --> 00:14:06,931
The Mongols' cattle carry a virus
called rinderpest.

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The virus spreads through the air-

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[ Bellows ]

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00:14:11,936 --> 00:14:15,940
From the Mongol horde
to the Russian livestock.

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00:14:16,815 --> 00:14:21,237
Once infected,
they die in as little as six days.

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00:14:23,447 --> 00:14:26,242
[ Rimas ] Within a short period,
rinderpest has spread into Europe...

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00:14:26,325 --> 00:14:28,577
and decimated the cattle population.

195
00:14:28,661 --> 00:14:30,621
And it would recur throughout history.

196
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[ Narrator]
In 1865, a new outbreak of rinderpest...

197
00:14:36,210 --> 00:14:40,130
kills 200 million cattle across Europe...

198
00:14:42,383 --> 00:14:45,261
devastating the food supply.

199
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[Shouting ]

200
00:14:48,639 --> 00:14:51,559
But the virus
never crosses the Atlantic...

201
00:14:51,642 --> 00:14:54,937
so the cattle in the New World survive.

202
00:14:56,689 --> 00:14:59,650
And as big history reveals...

203
00:14:59,733 --> 00:15:01,652
timing is everything...

204
00:15:04,947 --> 00:15:07,241
because the cattle
that cross an ocean...

205
00:15:07,324 --> 00:15:12,246
escape the devastation
of a microscopic virus...

206
00:15:12,329 --> 00:15:17,209
that leaves one side of the world
with a huge demand for beef...

207
00:15:17,293 --> 00:15:20,671
and the other with a booming supply.

208
00:15:24,341 --> 00:15:29,847
So big history shows us
why the New World will now feed the Old.

209
00:15:31,515 --> 00:15:34,685
And cattle towns
like Wild Bill's Abilene...

210
00:15:34,768 --> 00:15:37,646
spring up all across the Americas...

211
00:15:37,730 --> 00:15:40,524
to meet the need for beef.

212
00:15:42,151 --> 00:15:45,195
[ Fraser] Big history allows us
to draw a cattle disease in Europe...

213
00:15:45,279 --> 00:15:48,657
and the development of the Wild West
all together in one common narrative.

214
00:15:54,705 --> 00:15:58,250
[ Narrator] The rinderpest outbreak
makes beef more vital than ever...

215
00:15:58,334 --> 00:16:01,295
to the economy of the Americas.

216
00:16:01,378 --> 00:16:05,341
But a secret encoded in their D.N.A...

217
00:16:05,424 --> 00:16:10,429
reveals a hidden link
between man and beast.

218
00:16:13,891 --> 00:16:17,186
Big history shows us
that the humble cow...

219
00:16:17,269 --> 00:16:19,563
is a key to what makes us human-

220
00:16:23,567 --> 00:16:27,196
connecting the meat
that energized our brains...

221
00:16:30,407 --> 00:16:35,037
to Earths early grasslands
where cattle first emerge...

222
00:16:37,831 --> 00:16:42,419
and a series of journeys where people
spread cattle around the world...

223
00:16:42,503 --> 00:16:44,838
and save them from a deadly plague.

224
00:16:49,301 --> 00:16:53,222
Big history reveals that the connection
between man and cow...

225
00:16:53,305 --> 00:16:55,516
is much deeper...

226
00:16:55,599 --> 00:16:57,768
and it's hidden in their D.N.A.

227
00:16:59,937 --> 00:17:02,773
Every cow on every farm...

228
00:17:04,525 --> 00:17:07,361
every filet mignon
or fast-foot burger...

229
00:17:09,279 --> 00:17:12,700
over one billion cows around the world...

230
00:17:12,783 --> 00:17:16,578
all trace back to one place...

231
00:17:16,662 --> 00:17:18,247
and one herd.

232
00:17:25,504 --> 00:17:27,047
[Cowhands Shouting ]

233
00:17:27,131 --> 00:17:31,218
Most people don't think of the cow
as a human invention...

234
00:17:31,301 --> 00:17:33,470
but it is.

235
00:17:34,847 --> 00:17:39,518
Big history tracks the D.N.A. evidence
back to the origin of cows...

236
00:17:40,436 --> 00:17:43,147
10,500 years ago.

237
00:17:54,158 --> 00:17:58,412
The grassy steppes of Eurasia
between Turkey and Iran.

238
00:17:59,663 --> 00:18:02,583
The fearsome aurochs roams wild.

239
00:18:02,666 --> 00:18:04,293
[ Bellows ]

240
00:18:04,376 --> 00:18:07,171
But some brave farmers
decide to tame them.

241
00:18:09,965 --> 00:18:14,261
You have a monster that's really
a symbol of primal strength and fury.

242
00:18:14,344 --> 00:18:16,764
Soto actually domesticate it...

243
00:18:16,847 --> 00:18:19,975
would have been
a pretty crazy undertaking.

244
00:18:25,355 --> 00:18:29,026
[Narrator] 80 how do you get' a monster
to do what' you want?

245
00:18:31,653 --> 00:18:34,990
Change the monster's D.N.A.

246
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To do that, you start small-
capture some calves.

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[ Christian ]
if you can get it to breed...

248
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then it will have several offspring.

249
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You can pick the most docile of those-

250
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the one that is less dangerous-
and then breed that one.

251
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[ Narrator]
These Stone Age herdsmen...

252
00:18:55,886 --> 00:18:58,680
take evolution into their own hands.

253
00:18:59,431 --> 00:19:05,229
They transform a wild beast
into docile domestic cattle.

254
00:19:06,730 --> 00:19:09,066
Every cow alive today...

255
00:19:09,149 --> 00:19:13,237
is a direct' descendant'
of this single herd of 80 aurochs.

256
00:19:15,239 --> 00:19:17,407
Yeah, we made cows.

257
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[ Narrator]
When we invent the cow...

258
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we 're not only controlling an animal
In a corral...

259
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we're harnessing energy
from 93 million miles away.

260
00:19:35,425 --> 00:19:39,513
[ Christian ] Food is energy that comes,
ultimately, from the sun.

261
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It's seized by plants.
Herbivores eat the plants.

262
00:19:43,725 --> 00:19:45,519
Humans can't eat grass...

263
00:19:45,602 --> 00:19:49,356
but humans can eat animals
that can eat grass.

264
00:19:49,439 --> 00:19:54,194
And humans divert energy
through the food chain to their own use.

265
00:19:54,278 --> 00:19:56,446
So we herd cattle.

266
00:19:56,530 --> 00:20:01,660
We've concentrated
a lot of food energy in a small area...

267
00:20:01,743 --> 00:20:04,037
and it's stored and ready for us.

268
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[ Mooing I

269
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[ Narrator]
When the ancestors of humans...

270
00:20:11,628 --> 00:20:15,257
first hunt the ancestors of cows...

271
00:20:15,340 --> 00:20:20,053
it unleashes a web of connections that'
stretches across thousands of years.

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Meat makes us human.

273
00:20:26,894 --> 00:20:29,605
So as cattle help us evolve...

274
00:20:33,692 --> 00:20:36,028
we master the process...

275
00:20:36,111 --> 00:20:40,198
and turn a ferocious beast
into an easy meal...

276
00:20:40,282 --> 00:20:42,409
that now depends on us...

277
00:20:42,492 --> 00:20:45,162
while we depend on them for food.

278
00:20:47,497 --> 00:20:51,168
The big history of beef
links man and cow...

279
00:20:51,251 --> 00:20:54,671
in a common story of transformation.

280
00:20:58,175 --> 00:21:01,511
But the story of beef
is just the beginning.

281
00:21:01,595 --> 00:21:04,598
There's a much bigger puzzle
hidden in big history.

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00:21:04,681 --> 00:21:07,768
Each episode unlocks a clue.

283
00:21:07,851 --> 00:21:09,770
Things like secret codes...

284
00:21:11,188 --> 00:21:14,608
the sun and water...

285
00:21:14,691 --> 00:21:16,360
hold the key.

286
00:21:16,902 --> 00:21:21,114
Watch them all and you'll see
this grand mystery revealed.

287
00:21:21,198 --> 00:21:24,743
The big history of time, of space-

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00:21:24,826 --> 00:21:27,496
the big history of us.